England went 1-0 down in The Ashes after losing the first Test at Edgbaston by 251 runs.
Steve Smith was in a class of his own during the match with magnificent centuries in both innings.
Going into the fifth day in Birmingham, England knew they would have to bat out the whole day with their target of 398 seemingly unobtainable.
They last until 30 minutes before the tea break as Australia won for the first time at Edgbaston since 2001.
England were in control after the first two sessions on day one when they reduced their opponents to 122 for eight.
A Smith masterclass, with a little help from tailenders Peter Siddle and Nathan Lyon, dragged the Australians to a much more respectable 284 first innings total.
The former captain, who was playing in his first Test since his ban for being involved in the ball-tampering scandal, was the last man out on 144.
Stuart Broad and Chris Woakes bowled well taking 5-86 and 3-58 respectively. The bad news for England was that James Anderson re-injured his calf and would only bowl four overs in the match.
A maiden Test century from Rory Burns (133), with supporting cameos from Joe Root (58) and Ben Stokes (50), saw England post a healthy first innings lead of 90.
At times, Smith seemed impossible for the England bowlers to get out as he scored a magnificent 142 in the second innings.
Matthew Wade also scored 110 as the hosts struggled with a bowler down.
Australia declared on 487 for seven leaving their opponents needing a mammoth 398 from the final day, and last few overs from the fourth day.
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Wickets fell early and often for England with spinner Nathan Lyon providing the key for the tourists as he took 6-49
Chris Woakes top scored with 37 as England were all out for 146.
